[
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre electricity consumption",
    "year": "2024",
    "value": 415,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "about 1.5% of global electricity",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=14",
    "notes": "United States 45%, China 25%, Europe 15% of the 2024 total. Growth of about 12% a year since 2017."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre electricity consumption, Base Case",
    "year": "2030",
    "value": 945,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "just under 3% of global electricity",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=63",
    "notes": "About 15% a year growth from 2024 to 2030. Electricity use in accelerated (mainly AI) servers grows about 30% a year, conventional servers about 9%."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre electricity consumption, Base Case",
    "year": "2035",
    "value": 1200,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=14",
    "notes": "Stated as around 1,200 TWh. Uncertainty widens after 2030; the range across IEA cases for 2035 is 700 to 1,700 TWh."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre electricity consumption, Lift-Off Case",
    "year": "2035",
    "value": "over 1,700",
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "4.4% of global electricity",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=67",
    "notes": "About 45% higher than the Base Case."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre water consumption (direct cooling plus electricity generation plus chip manufacturing)",
    "year": "2023",
    "value": 560,
    "unit": "billion litres",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=242",
    "notes": "About two-thirds from energy supply and electricity generation, one quarter from direct cooling, the rest from semiconductor manufacturing. Box 5.4."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "World",
    "metric": "Data centre water consumption, Base Case",
    "year": "2030",
    "value": 1200,
    "unit": "billion litres",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=242",
    "notes": "Stated as around 1,200 billion litres per year."
  },
  {
    "source": "IEA Energy and AI (April 2025)",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Water consumption of a typical 100 MW hyperscale data centre",
    "year": "Current (report year)",
    "value": 2,
    "unit": "million litres per day",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/de9dea13-b07d-42c5-a398-d1b3ae17d866/EnergyandAI.pdf#page=242",
    "notes": "Total including indirect use; over 60% is indirect (electricity and supply chain). IEA equates it to about 6,500 households."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use",
    "year": "2023",
    "value": 176,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "4.4% of US electricity",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf#page=6",
    "notes": "Superseded for 2024 onward by the 2025 update."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use, scenario range",
    "year": "2028",
    "value": "325 to 580",
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "6.7% to 12.0% of US electricity",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf#page=7",
    "notes": "Equivalent to 74 to 132 GW of demand at 50% average utilization."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Direct (on-site) data center water consumption",
    "year": "2023",
    "value": 66,
    "unit": "billion liters",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf#page=55",
    "notes": "Hyperscale and colocation were 84% of the total. 21.2 billion liters in 2014."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Indirect water consumption from electricity generation for data centers",
    "year": "2023",
    "value": "nearly 800",
    "unit": "billion liters",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf#page=57",
    "notes": "Equivalent to 4.52 L/kWh of indirect water on average. Roughly 12 times the direct on-site figure."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Direct water consumption, hyperscale data centers",
    "year": "2028",
    "value": "60 to 124",
    "unit": "billion liters",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf#page=56",
    "notes": ""
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use",
    "year": "2024",
    "value": 192,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "4.7% of US electricity",
    "kind": "Estimate",
    "link": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3374245#page=11",
    "notes": "Published June 18, 2026 (doi 10.71468/P1RP4F). Excludes cryptocurrency mining."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use, Reference Case",
    "year": "2028",
    "value": 464,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3374245#page=11",
    "notes": ""
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use, Reference Case",
    "year": "2030",
    "value": 649,
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "11.8% of US electricity",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3374245#page=8",
    "notes": "Would make data centers 33% of US load growth from 2024 to 2030."
  },
  {
    "source": "LBNL United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
    "geography": "United States",
    "metric": "Data center electricity use, compounded uncertainty range",
    "year": "2030",
    "value": "521 to 843",
    "unit": "TWh",
    "share": "9.5% to 15.3% of US electricity",
    "kind": "Projection",
    "link": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3374245#page=8",
    "notes": ""
  }
]